Dominated convergence theorem

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In measure theory, a branch of mathematical analysis, Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem provides sufficient conditions under which two limit processes commute, namely Lebesgue integration and pointwise convergence for a sequence of functions. The dominated convergence theorem does not hold for the Riemann integral, and its power and utility are one of the primary theoretical advantages of Lebesgue integration.

[edit] Statement of the theorem

Let f₁, f₂, f₃, ... denote a sequence of real-valued measurable functions on a measure space $(S,Σ,μ)$ . Assume that the sequence converges pointwise and is dominated by some integrable function g. Then the pointwise limit is an integrable function and

$\lim_{n\to\infty}\int_S f_n\,d\mu=\int_S\lim_{n\to\infty} f_n\,d\mu.$

To say that the sequence is "dominated" by g means that

$|f_n(x)| \le g(x)$

for all natural numbers n and all points x in S. By integrable we mean

$\int_S|g|\,d\mu<\infty.$

The convergence of the sequence and domination by g can be relaxed to hold only μ–almost everywhere.

[edit] Proof of the theorem

Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem is a special case of the Fatou–Lebesgue theorem. Below is a direct proof, using Fatou's lemma as the essential tool.

If f denotes the pointwise limit of the sequence, then f is also measurable and dominated by g, hence integrable. Furthermore,

$|f-f_n|\le 2g$

for all n and

$\limsup_{n\to\infty}|f-f_n|=0.$

By the reverse Fatou lemma,

$\limsup_{n\to\infty}\int_S|f-f_n|\,d\mu \le\int_S\limsup_{n\to\infty}|f-f_n|\,d\mu=0.$

Using linearity and monotonicity of the Lebesgue integral,

and the theorem follows.

[edit] Discussion of the assumptions

That the assumption that the sequence is dominated by some integrable g can not be dispensed with may be seen as follows: define f_n(x) = n for x in the interval (0,1/n] and f_n(x) = 0 otherwise. Any g which dominates the sequence must also dominate the pointwise supremum h = sup_n f_n. Observe that

$\int_0^1 h(x)\,dx \ge\int_{1/m}^1 h(x)\,dx =\sum_{n=1}^{m-1}\int_{\left(\frac1{n+1},\frac1n\right]}n\,dx =\sum_{n=1}^{m-1}\frac1{n+1} \to\infty\quad\text{as }m\to\infty$

by the divergence of the harmonic series. Hence, the monotonicity of the Lebesgue integral tells us that there exists no integrable function which dominates the sequence on [0,1]. A direct calculation shows that integration and pointwise limit do not commute for this sequence:

$\int_0^1\lim_{n\to\infty} f_n(x)\,dx =0\neq 1=\lim_{n\to\infty}\int_0^1 f_n(x)\,dx,$

because the pointwise limit of the sequence is the zero function.

[edit] Bounded convergence theorem

One corollary to the dominated convergence theorem is the bounded convergence theorem, which states that if f₁, f₂, f₃, ... is a sequence of uniformly bounded real-valued measurable functions which converges pointwise on a bounded measure space (S,∑,μ) (i.e. one in which μ(S) is finite), then the pointwise limit is an integrable function and

$\lim_{n\to\infty}\int_S f_n\,d\mu=\int_S\lim_{n\to\infty} f_n\,d\mu.$

(The convergence and uniform boundedness of the sequence can be relaxed to hold only μ–almost everywhere.)

To prove the bounded convergence theorem from the dominated convergence theorem, note that since the sequence is uniformly bounded, there is a real number M such that |f_n(x)|<M for all (or at least μ-almost all) x in S and for all n. If a function g is defined so that g(x)=M for all x in S, then the sequence is dominated (at least μ-almost everywhere) by g. Furthermore, g is integrable since it is bounded on a set of finite measure. Therefore the result follows from the dominated convergence theorem.

[edit] Extensions

The dominated convergence theorem applies also to measurable functions with values in a Banach space, with the dominating function still being non-negative and integrable as above.

[edit] See also

Bounded convergence theorem
Convergence in mean
Monotone convergence theorem (does not require domination by an integrable function but assumes monotonicity of the sequence instead)
Scheffé's lemma
Uniform integrability
Vitali convergence theorem (a generalization of Lebesgue's dominated convergence theorem)

[edit] References

R.G. Bartle, "The Elements of Integration and Lebesgue Measure", Wiley Interscience, 1995.
H.L. Royden, "Real Analysis", Prentice Hall, 1988.
D. Williams, "Probability with Martingales", Cambridge University Press, 1991, ISBN 0-521-40605-6

Dominated convergence theorem

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Contents

[edit] Statement of the theorem

[edit] Proof of the theorem

[edit] Discussion of the assumptions

[edit] Bounded convergence theorem

[edit] Extensions

[edit] See also

[edit] References

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