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IB Diploma Programme

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The International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme (DP) is an educational programme taught in one of three languages (English, French or Spanish).[1] The Diploma Programme, administered by the International Baccalaureate, is a recognised pre-university educational programme.[2] It is taught in 1,976 schools in 134 countries.[3] Students take six subjects, and must also complete 3 extra requirements: the Theory of Knowledge course (ToK), an Extended Essay (EE), and the CAS (Creativity, Action, Service) programme.[4] The primary aim of the IB Diploma Programme is to provide an internationally accepted education for entry into higher education.[5]



This article is part of the
International Baccalaureate
series.

Contents

[edit] History

As Colin Jenkins delineates in International Education: Principles and Practice the IB "was devised in the late 1960s to provide an internationally acceptable university admissions qualification suitable for the growing mobile population of young people whose parents were part of the world of diplomacy, international and multi-national organizations." [6]

[edit] Early Development

The IB Diploma Programme was developed in the early 1960s at the International School of Geneva.[7] Its original goals were threefold. Ian Hill, the deputy director general of the IBO, describes these goals as "one pedagogical, one idealistic, and one pragmatic": [8][9]

  1. the provision of an education placing emphasis on critical thinking skills[8]
  2. the promotion of intercultural understanding and the provision of an international perspective to students[8]
  3. the provision of a diploma that would be recognized as an entry qualification by institutes of tertiary education around the world[8]

One of its founders was Robert J. Leach, the head history teacher at the International School of Geneva.[8][9][10] He explained his view of what the emphasis on critical thinking was (specifically with respect to the teaching of history) as follows:[10]

[The teacher] should question every accepted view, and progressively to the extent that it holds itself to be sacrosanct. [… Students] will not be given conventional reassurance for close opinions, however respectable they may appear at first glance […] unexpected withdrawal from advanced positions and genuine humility before the more complex issues will win respect[10]

—Robert J. Leach, Cited in further reading, pp. 208–209

The development of the IB Diploma Programme was supported and encouraged by the International Schools Association in Geneva.[8] It was funded by a number of American foundations, such as the Ford Foundation, and by UNESCO.[7][11]

[edit] Establishment and Implementation

In 1968, the IB Office was officially established, for the development and maintenance of the Diploma Programme. The first official guide to the Programme, containing its syllabus and official assessment information, was published in 1970. It included the TOK. But CAS, although appearing to an extent in guides beforehand, was not specifically identified in the guide until 1989. The Extended Essay was introduced in 1978.[9]

The European public sector schools showed "little interest" in the IB DP, although "France and Germany participated in the experimental stage." However, a number of US educators were followed the IB DP during the experimental stage. Harland Hanson, of the College Board Advanced Placement Program "was an early advocate, cooperating with Peterson and others on the issue of assessment." [12]

[edit] Languages

From the start, all subjects of the IB Diploma Programme were available in English and French. Mandatory subjects for all students were a first and second language. In 1974, bilingual diplomas were introduced, allowing students to take one or more of their humanities or science subjects in a language other than their first. The IB Diploma Programme subjects became available in Spanish in 1983.[9]

[edit] Subject Groups and coursework

Students who pursue the IB Diploma take six subjects, with one compulsory subject from each of the Subject Groups 1-6.[13] However, instead of taking a Group 6 course, some substitutions from Groups 1-5 may be made, as described below.[14]

In order to earn the IB Diploma, either three or four subjects must be taken at Higher Level (HL) and the rest at Standard Level (SL).[13] The IB recommends a minimum of 150 hours of instructional time for SL subjects and 240 hours for HL subjects.[13] While the IB encourages students to pursue the full IB Diploma, students may choose to take fewer courses, additional courses beyond those required, or a different arrangement of courses, though such courses will not count towards the earning of an IB Diploma.[14][15]

The six Diploma Programme Subject Groups and course offerings are listed below. More information about the Subject Groups and individual courses can be found at the respective Subject Group article:

  • Group 1: Language A1: Taken at either SL or HL, this is generally the student's native language, with over 80 different languages available.[16] Students may choose to take a second Language A1 in lieu of studying a second language as a Group 2 subject.[17]
  • Group 4: Experimental Sciences: Four courses are offered at both SL and HL: Chemistry, Biology, Physics, and Design Technology.[21] One course, Environmental Systems, is offered at SL only.[22] The pilot course for Sports, Exercise, and Health Science is offered at schools participating in the pilot program.[23]

There are also some transdisciplinary courses such as Environmental Systems and Societies SL (Groups 3 and 4)[27] and Text and Performance SL (Groups 1 and 6), which is currently a pilot course.[28]

[edit] Extended Essay

Main article: Extended Essay

Students must write an independent research essay of up to 4,000 words [29] in a subject from the list of approved EE subjects.[citation needed] The student is not obligated to take the corresponding IB course and exam for the subject chosen, although it is suggested that the student have some familiarity with the topic.[citation needed] The topic should fall clearly in one subject area, not across subjects.[citation needed]

The topic may be any that the student feels is researchable. This task involves teacher-guided independent research and requires producing a written thesis. Each student is paired with a supervisor who provides insight and orients the candidate's work. The Extended Essay is a mandatory part of the IB Diploma.[29]

[edit] CAS

Main article: Creativity, Action, Service

CAS is an acronym for Creativity, Action, Service, one of the three Core requirements of the Diploma Programme. CAS aims to provide students with opportunities for personal growth, self-reflection, intellectual, physical and creative challenges and awareness of themselves as responsible members of their communities.[30]

Students are expected to engage in three areas of activities involving social or community work (Service), athletics or other physical activities (Action), and creative activities (Creativity). The guideline for the minimum amount of CAS activity over the two year Diploma programme is approximately 150 hours. "Hour counting”, however, is not encouraged.[30]

According to Elisabeth Fox, in her essay "The Emergence of the International Baccalaureate as an Impetus for Curriculum Reform" the function of CAS is to allow IB schools the opportunity to "give students the means to learn through experience [and] how to take actions in the service of others."[31]

[edit] Theory of Knowledge

Main article: Theory of Knowledge (IB course)

The Theory of Knowledge (TOK) course aims to encourage students to be critical thinkers and to teach students basic epistemology. The course covers at least 100 hours of teaching time and completion requires candidates to write an externally assessed TOK essay of 1200–1600 words (from a choice of ten prescribed by the IB) and present an internally assessed TOK issue to their class on their choice of topic.[32]

[edit] Assessment

All subjects are assessed using both internal and external assessment, including final exams given worldwide in May (usually for Northern Hemisphere schools) and in November (usually for Southern Hemisphere schools). Each exam usually consists of two or three papers, generally written on the same or successive weekdays.[33] The different papers may have different forms of questions, or they may focus on different areas of the subject syllabus. For example, chemistry Paper 1 has multiple choice questions, Paper 2 has extended response questions, and Paper 3 focuses on the 'option' topics which can vary according to the student's (or school's) preference. Re-sits for each paper (sat in the next exam session - November or May) are possible for a maximum of three times.[citation needed]

External assessment takes place by independent examiners appointed by the IB.[34]

The nature of the internal assessment (IA) varies by subject. There may be oral presentations (used in languages), practical work (in experimental sciences), or written works to be done at home. Internal assessment accounts for 20 to 50 percent of the mark awarded for each subject and is marked by a teacher in the school.A sample of at least five per subject at each level will also be graded by a moderator appointed by the IB, in a process called external moderation of internal assessment. [34]

The marks collected from the internal and external moderators are criterion referenced against IB standards.[35][not in citation given] Student work submitted to IB for assessment grants IB the "non-exclusive charge-free, worldwide licence, for the duration of the statutory copyright protection, to reproduce submitted materials in any medium for assessment, educational, training and/or promotional purposes relating to the IB Organization’s activities, or to those related activities of which it approves."[citation needed]

Marks are awarded from 1 to 7 in each subject with 7 being the highest and a 4 considered passing. A matrix provided by IB allows a candidate to be awarded up to three extra points depending on the results of their ToK and the Extended Essay.[32] Therefore, the maximum possible point total in the Diploma Programme is 45.[36]

[edit] Awards

The global pass rate for the IB Diploma Programme is approximately 80%.[37]

[edit] Diploma conditions

In order to receive an International Baccalaureate Diploma, candidates must receive a minimum of 24 points. There are a number of failing conditions which will prevent a student from being awarded a Diploma regardless of the points they received (such as non-completion of CAS, plagiarism, no EE etc).[citation needed]

Candidates who successfully pass examinations in two languages A1, or one language A1 and one language A2 courses and meet all the other criteria for successful completion of the Diploma Programme are eligible to receive a Bilingual Diploma.[38]

[edit] Certificates

An IB Certificate reflecting the grade earned (1-7) is issued to students upon completion of each Diploma course and exam. [39]

[edit] Special Needs

Where standard assessment conditions could put a student with special educational needs at a disadvantage, special arrangements may be authorized. The Candidates with Special Assessment Needs publication contains information regarding procedures and arrangements for students with special needs.[40]

[edit] Recognition

[edit] Australia

In Australia, the IB Diploma Programme is taught in 59 of approximately 2,800 secondary schools.8[3] Although every university in Australia recognizes the IB Diploma, entry criteria often differ between universities, with some universities accepting students on their IB score alone, while others require the score to be converted using a conversion scale. In most states, this conversion scale is based on the Equivalent National Tertiary Entry Rank or 'ENTER'[41].

[edit] Canada

IB North America publishes a IB Recognition Policy Summary for Canadian Universities. [42] As of June, 2009, there are 132 schools in Canada which offer the IB Diploma Programme.[3]

[edit] Finland

The first school which offered IB Diploma Programme education in Finland was Helsingin Suomalainen Yhteiskoulu. The first class graduated in spring 1993.[43] Currently 15 schools in Finland offer the IB Diploma Programme education.[44]

[edit] France

According to the "Décret du Ministère de l'Education Nationale" (23 August 1985), the IB Diploma Programme is one of the foreign diplomas which allow students access into French universities.[45] There are 11 schools in France which offer the IB Diploma Programme. [3]

[edit] Germany

Germany sets certain conditions for the IB Diploma to be validated (a foreign language at minimum A2 Standard Level, Mathematics standard level minimum, and at least one Science or Mathematics at Higher Level).[citation needed]

[edit] Hong Kong

IB Diploma Programme students may apply to Hong Kong universities as non-JUPAS (Joint University Programmes Admissions System). JUPAS is the system enabling applications to nine tertiary institutions in Hong Kong.[citation needed] Currently the People's Republic of China does not formally recognize the IB Diploma Programme for university qualification. [46]

As of June 2009, 14 schools offer the IB Diploma Programme in Hong Kong.[3]

[edit] India

In India, the only schools which are allowed to take on the IB programme are the international schools which are privately funded.[citation needed] As of June, 2009, there are 59 schools in India offering the IB programme.[3]

[edit] Iran

Only one school in Iran, the Tehran International School, is authorized to offer the IB Diploma Programme.[3] Iran's Diploma Programme for each subject area has three levels. These levels are numerically represented as level 1, 2 or 3. (1) is equivalent to an SL (Standard level) course which is considered an honors course. (2) is equivalent to HL (Higher level) courses which provide college credit with a score of 7, and (3) is called Olympiad course.[citation needed]

[edit] Pakistan

One school operates the IB Diploma Programme course, called The International School in Karachi. A number of Colleges and Universities recognize the IB Diploma Programme and accept students.[citation needed]

[edit] Peru

The IB Diploma is not considered equivalent to the national end-of-school examination scheme, usually because the IB Diploma is not as specialised, or because certain subjects are not offered.[citation needed]However, in Peru, various universities allow direct entrance to students who successfully completed the Diploma.[citation needed]There are 19 IB Diploma schools in Peru. [3]

[edit] Russia

In Russia the IB Diploma is accepted in Universities (like MGU and MGMO), but conditions are set very high.[citation needed] For example, to study economics in MGU the IB student has to achieve an overall score of at least 36 points, including 6s in higher level subjects.[citation needed]

[edit] Singapore

In the 2008-2009 prospectus, the National University of Singapore (NUS) recognises the IB Diploma Programme as a high school qualification for Singapore universities. University requirements are as follows: 3 HL subjects with scores of 5 or better, 2 SL subjects with scores of 4 or better, and a grade of 4 or better in English A, Standard Level. [47] There are 14 schools in Singapore that offer the IB Diploma Programme.[3]

[edit] Spain

As of June, 2009, 46 IB schools offer the Diploma Programme in Spain. [3] The International Preparatory Schools are ranked and recognised by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Ciencias (MEC) and all teach a minimum level of Spanish language, science, literature, geography and history. The curriculum also varies from one international school to another.[citation needed]

[edit] Turkey

The IB Diploma is not considered equivalent to the national end-of-school examination scheme, usually because the IB Diploma is not as specialised, or because certain subjects are not offered.[citation needed] There are 21 IB Diploma schools in Turkey. [3]

[edit] United Kingdom

There are 189 schools in the UK with the IB Diploma Programme.[3] The UCAS publish tariff tables specifically for UK University entrance for IB Diploma graduates. [48]

[edit] United States

As of June 2009, there are 670 schools offering the IB Diploma Programme in the United States.[3] There is no standardized recognition by universities for IB,[not in citation given]awards for IB college credit vary and often an individual school district will publish college recognition of IB courses.[citation needed] Colorado and Texas legislate recognition of the IB Diploma Programme. [49][50]

[edit] Fees

Schools interested in applying to offer the IB Diploma Programme engage in a two-year application process. During the application process, the IB requires candidate schools to send staff for IB training. [51] At the end of the application process, IB conducts an authorization visit. [52] Once a school is authorized by IB as an IB World School, an annual fee guarantees the school the ability to display the IB logo, access to the Online Curriculum Centre, support from the IB and the IB Information System (IBIS). [52] The OCC provides information, resources and support for IB teachers and coordinators. IBIS is a database used by IB coordinators. Both the OCC and IBIS are password protected sites. [53]

Other IB fees also include student registration and individual Diploma subject examination fees.[52]

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ "What is the Diploma Programme". ibo.org. http://www.ibo.org/diploma/. Retrieved on 2009-06-14. 
  2. ^ "IBO notes on university recognition". ibo.com. http://www.ibo.org/diploma/recognition/. Retrieved on 2009-06-07. 
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "IB School Finder IB School Finder". http://www.ibo.org/school/search/index.cfm?programmes=DIPLOMA&country=&region=&find_schools=Find IB School Finder. Retrieved on 2006-06-07. 
  4. ^ "Diploma Programme at a glance: What are the three core requirements?". International Baccalaureate. http://www.ibo.org/diploma/slidec.cfm. Retrieved on 2009-06-06. 
  5. ^ van Loo, Marc (20 Sep 2004). "The parents guide to the IB Diploma". 3. http://www.dp-help.com/downloads/parents.pdf. Retrieved on 2009-06-14. 
  6. ^ Colin Jenkins (2001). "Global Issues: A Necessary Component of a Balanced Curriculum for the Twenty-First Century". in Mary Hayden and Jeff Thompson. International Education: Principles and Practice (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 94. ISBN 0749436166. 
  7. ^ a b Elisabeth Fox (2001). "The Emergence of the International Baccalaureate as an Impetus for Curriculum Reform". in Mary Hayden and Jeff Thompson. International Education: Principles and Practice (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 65. ISBN 0749436166. 
  8. ^ a b c d e f Ian Hill (2006). "International Baccalaureate Programmes and Educational Reform". in Phillip Hughes and Clement Hughes. Secondary education at the crossroads: international perspectives relevant to the Asia-Pacific region. Springer. pp. 15 et seq.. ISBN 1402046677. 
  9. ^ a b c d Ian Hill (2007). "International Education as developed by the International Baccalaureate Organization". in Mary Hayden, Jeff Thompson, and Jack Levy. The SAGE handbook of research in international education. SAGE. pp. 27 et seq.. ISBN 1412919711. 
  10. ^ a b c Ian Hill (2007). "A Pedagogy for International Education". in Rupert Maclean and Phillip William Hughes. Learning and Teaching for the Twenty-First Century: Festschrift for Professor Phillip Hughes. Springer. pp. 49. ISBN 1402057725. 
  11. ^ George Walker (2007). "Challenges from a New World". in Mary Hayden, Jeff Thompson, and Jack Levy. The SAGE handbook of research in international education. SAGE. pp. 409. ISBN 1412919711. 
  12. ^ Elisabeth Fox (2001). "IB as an Impetus for Curriculum Reform". in Mary Hayden and Jeff Thompson. International Education: Principles and Practice (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 73. ISBN 0749436166. 
  13. ^ a b c Schools' Guide to IBDP, p. 9.
  14. ^ a b c Schools' Guide to IBDP, p. 11.
  15. ^ Schools' Guide to IBDP, p. 15.
  16. ^ Schools' Guide to IBDP, p. 10.
  17. ^ Schools' Guide to IBDP, p. 10.
  18. ^ "Diploma Programme curriculum: Group 2, Second Language". ibo.com. http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group2/. Retrieved on 3 Jul 2009. 
  19. ^ "Diploma Programme curriculum: Group 3, Individuals and Societies". ibo.com. http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group3/. Retrieved on 3 Jul 2009. 
  20. ^ World Religions draft subject guide 2009, p. 12.
  21. ^ "Diploma Programme curriculum: Group 4, Experimental Sciences". ibo.com. http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group4/. Retrieved on 3 Jul 2009. 
  22. ^ "Diploma Programme curriculum: Group 4, Experimental Sciences". ibo.com. http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group4/. Retrieved on 3 Jul 2009. 
  23. ^ Sports, Exercise, & Health subject guide 2007, p. 4.
  24. ^ "Diploma Programme curriculum: Group 5, Mathematics and Computer Science". ibo.com. http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group5/. Retrieved on 3 Jul 2009. 
  25. ^ "Diploma Programme curriculum: Group 6, The Arts". ibo.com. http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/group6/. Retrieved on 3 Jul 2009. 
  26. ^ Dance draft subject guide 2008, p. 19.
  27. ^ "Diploma Programme curriculum". ibo.com. http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/additional/. Retrieved on 2009-06-26. 
  28. ^ Text and Performance draft subject guide 2008, p. 4.
  29. ^ a b "IB Diploma Programme curriculum, extended essay". International Baccalaureate Organization. http://www.ibo.org/diploma/curriculum/core/essay/index.cfm. Retrieved on 2009-06-06. 
  30. ^ a b Creativity, Action, Service Guide for students graduating in 2010 and thereafter, Published March 2008 International Baccalaureate
  31. ^ Elisabeth Fox (2001). "The Emergence of the International Baccalaureate as an Impetus for Curriculum Reform". in Mary Hayden and Jeff Thompson. International Education: Principles and Practice (2nd ed.). Routledge. pp. 69. ISBN 0749436166. 
  32. ^ a b Diploma Programme, Theory of knowledge, First examinations 2008, International Baccalaureate Organization 2006
  33. ^ "2008 IBO Examination Schedule". International Baccalaureate. http://www.ibo.org/students/documents/MayandNovember2008examinationschedulesEnglish.pdf. Retrieved on 2 July 2009. 
  34. ^ a b "Diploma Programme Assessment". http://www.ibo.org/diploma/assessment/examiners/. Retrieved on 2009-06-06. 
  35. ^ Diploma Programme Assessment: Philosophy ibo.org. Retrieved 2009-06-08.
  36. ^ "45 points = 42 plus 3". ibo.org. http://www.ibo.org/newsletter_recognition/march_2006/articlefour. Retrieved on 2009-06-29.. 
  37. ^ "21 Things You Should Know about the IB". International Baccalaureate Organization. June 2007. http://www.ibo.org/facts/21things/documents/21thingsyoushouldknowabouttheIBMarch08.pdf. Retrieved on 2 July 2009. 
  38. ^ "A guide to the IB Diploma Programme for universities and colleges: How to interpret IB grades and transcripts". ibo.org. http://www.ibo.org/diploma/recognition/guide/slidef.cfm. Retrieved on 2 July 2009. 
  39. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: IB Diploma Programme". ibo.org. http://www.ibo.org/ibna/educators/diploma_faq.cfm. Retrieved on 2 July 2009. 
  40. ^ Candidates with Special Assessment Needs International Baccalaureate Organization. March 2007. Retrieved 2009-06-29
  41. ^ VTAC Notional Enter Conversion Table Accessed 30 March 30, 2008
  42. ^ IB Recognition Policy Summary - Canadian Universities IB North America Recognition Services. 1-4. March 2007. Retrieved 2009-07-02.
  43. ^ IB DIPLOMA PROGRAMME AT HELSINGIN SUOMALAINEN YHTEISKOULU Retrieved 2009-06-10
  44. ^ Finnish International Baccalaureate Society Retrieved 2009-06-10
  45. ^ texte du décret n° 85-906 du 23 août 1985 (in french)PDF
  46. ^ International Schools in Hong KongInternational Schools Worldwide.Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  47. ^ International Schools in Singapore International Schools Worldwide. Retrieved 2009-06-13/
  48. ^ "UCAS: International Baccalaureate and Certificate". http://www.ucas.ac.uk/students/ucas_tariff/factsheet/ib.html. Retrieved on 2 July 2009. 
  49. ^ "HOUSE BILL 03-1108". "Session Laws of Colorado 2003 First Regular Session, 64th General Assembly:Chapter 153". Colorado General Assembly. April 18, 2003. http://www.state.co.us/gov_dir/leg_dir/olls/sl2003a/sl_153.htm. Retrieved on 2 July 2009. 
  50. ^ [NB]]Section 51.968(b) of the Texas Education Code states: Each institution of higher education that offers freshman-level courses shall adopt and implement a policy to grant undergraduate course credit to entering freshman students who have successfully completed the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme, who have achieved required scores on one or more examinations in the Advanced Placement Program or the College-Level Examination Program, or who have successfully completed one or more courses offered through concurrent enrollment in high school and at an institution of higher education.
  51. ^ "Application A". ibo.org. http://www.ibo.org/diploma/become/documents/edpapplicationformparta.doc. Retrieved on 4 July 2009. 
  52. ^ a b c "North America Diploma Programme Application Process and Fees For schools seeking to start implementation in the Fall Term of 2011 and later". International Baccalaureate North America. http://www.ibo.org/ibna/educators/documents/DiplomaApplicationProcessandFees.pdf. Retrieved on 2 July 2009. 
  53. ^ "Annual School Fees". ibo.org. http://www.ibo.org/programmes/services/annual/index.cfm. Retrieved on 2 July 2009. 

[edit] See also

[edit] References

[edit] References

  • Diploma Programme, Dance draft subject guide 2009. International Baccalaureate Organization. (2008). 
  • Diploma Programme, Sports, Exercise, and Health Science draft subject guide. International Baccalaureate Organization. (2007). 
  • Diploma Programme, Text and Performance draft subject guide 2008. Geneva, Switzerland: International Baccalaureate Organization. (2008). 
  • Diploma Programme, World Religions draft subject guide, first examinations 2011. International Baccalaureate Organization. (2009). 
  • Schools' Guide to the Diploma Programme. Geneva, Switzerland: International Baccalaureate Organization. (2002). http://www.ibo.org/diploma/documents/schools_guide_diploma.pdf. Retrieved on 3 Jul 2009. 

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