List of storms in the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The list of storms in the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season is a complete list of all tropical cyclones of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season in the Atlantic Ocean basin. The season started on June 1, 2006, and officially ended on November 30, 2006. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cylones form in the Atlantic basin.[1] The season was unusual in that no hurricanes made landfall in the United States of America, the first such occurrence since 2001.[2] One cyclone, Tropical Storm Zeta from the 2005 season, continued through early January, only the second time on record that had happened. Tropical Storm Alberto was responsible for two indirect deaths when it made landfall in Florida. Hurricane Ernesto caused heavy rainfall in Haiti, and directly killed at least seven people in Haiti and the United States. Four more hurricanes formed after Ernesto, including the strongest storms of the season, Hurricanes Helene and Gordon. No tropical cyclones formed in the month of October, the first time this had happened since the 1994 season.[3]
Following the intense activity of the 2005 season, forecasts predicted the 2006 season would be very active, though not as active as 2005. However, in 2006, a rapidly forming El Niño event, combined with the pervasive presence of the Saharan Air Layer over the tropical Atlantic and a steady presence of a robust secondary high related to the Azores high centered around Bermuda, contributed to a slow season and all tropical cyclone activity ceasing after October 2.[4]
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[edit] Tropical Storm Zeta (2005)
Tropical Storm Zeta formed on December 30, 2005 and lasted until January 6, 2006.[5] Although it spent most of its existence in 2006, it is officially a storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season since it formed during 2005. Zeta joined Hurricane Alice as only the second Atlantic tropical cyclone in recorded history to exist during two different calendar years.[5]
[edit] Tropical Storm Alberto
| Tropical storm (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Duration | June 10 – June 14 | ||
| Intensity | 70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min), 995 mbar (hPa) | ||
On June 10, an area of disturbed weather associated with a broad low pressure area off the coast of Belize organized over the warm waters of the Caribbean Sea. The low further developed, and became the first tropical depression of the season. Southwesterly vertical wind shear was a constant companion to the system, but as it moved closer to Florida, the depression strengthened into a tropical storm on the morning of June 11. Passing over the warm, deep water of the Loop Current allowed accelerated development, and the cyclone reached its peak winds of 70 mph (115 km/h), just shy of hurricane strength. Subsequent weakening occurred as it moved over the cooler waters of the continental shelf.[6]
Alberto made landfall midday on June 13, about 50 miles (85 km) southeast of Tallahassee, Florida, with windspeeds of approximately 45 mph (72 km/h).[7] Alberto brought a storm surge of five feet to the Big Bend area of the Florida coastline, flooding areas of Cedar Key and Crystal River. The large system was slow to weaken, moving across Georgia and the Carolinas before being downgraded to a tropical depression early on June 14. Alberto became an extratropical storm that morning while quickly moving towards the coast. As an extratropical storm, Alberto strengthened rapidly offshore New England and the Canadian Maritimes, becoming an oceanic storm by the afternoon of June 15.[8][9] Damage in the United States totaled to $420,000 (2006 USD), and one indirect death occurred.[10][11]
[edit] Unnamed Tropical Storm
| Tropical storm (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Duration | July 17 – July 18 | ||
| Intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min), 998 mbar (hPa) | ||
In the post-season analysis, an additional tropical storm was identified to have formed out of an extratropical low produced by the same frontal boundary that spawned Tropical Storm Chris in the Gulf Stream on July 17, south of Nantucket Island. It was briefly a tropical storm before becoming a remnant low on July 18 southeast of Nova Scotia. It crossed over Atlantic Canada with rain and wind, but no damage or fatalities were reported.[12] It dissipated northeast of Cape Race, Newfoundland.[12] As the storm entered the area of responsibility of the Canadian Hurricane Centre, a buoy recorded sustained winds of 36 mph (56 km/h) with gusts up to 44 mph (70 km/h).[13]
[edit] Tropical Storm Beryl
| Tropical storm (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Duration | July 18 – July 21 | ||
| Intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min), 1000 mbar (hPa) | ||
In mid-July, a front moved off the east coast of the United States and stalled, spawning a series of low pressure areas. Because steering currents were weak, the most southerly disturbance slowly drifted to the south, and gradually became more organized a few hundred miles east of the North Carolina coast. On the morning of July 18, the low pressure area was designated the second tropical cyclone of the season. That afternoon, the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Beryl.[14]
Beryl continued moving to the north until it turned to the northeast on July 20. Beryl paralleled the East Coast of the United States and made landfall on Nantucket island before becoming extratropical southwest of Nova Scotia on July 21. The storm caused high waves along the East Coast of the United States, with 19 feet seas (5.97 m) in the open ocean.[15] Waves along the southern coast of Nantucket reached 10 feet (3.0 m) in height as the storm approached the island,[16] resulting in four people being rescued by lifeguards from rip currents.[17]
[edit] Tropical Storm Chris
| Tropical storm (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Duration | July 31 – August 5 | ||
| Intensity | 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min), 1001 mbar (hPa) | ||
On about July 26, a vigorous tropical wave emerged off the coast of Africa and slowly tracked westward. It slowly developed due to poor environmental conditions and it became a tropical depression late on July 31 about 160 miles (260 km) east of Antigua.[18] The depression soon strengthened further and was named Tropical Storm Chris six hours later.[19] National Hurricane Center forecasters dismissed some computer models, which dissipated Chris quickly, as they did not have a handle on the strength of the storm.[20] Tropical Storm Chris moved to the northwest and gradually strengthened before reaching its peak strength on August 2 with winds of 65 mph (100 km/h), when it was to the northeast of the United States Virgin Islands.[21] The storm was forecast to strengthen further and become a hurricane as it moved into the Bahamas. However, Chris began to be affected by wind shear and became disorganized. The storm weakened to a tropical depression on August 4, and dissipated as it approached the Cuban coast.[22]
Cruise lines such as Royal Caribbean re-routed their ships to avoid the storm.[23] In Puerto Rico, rainfall from the storm caused the Fajardo River to overflow its banks. The overflown waters temporarily closed a highway in the northeastern portion of the island. Rainfall reached up to 2 inches (50 mm) across portions of Hispaniola, the Turks and Caicos, the Bahamas, and eastern Cuba, and reached 4 inches (100 mm) in some mountainous areas.[22]
[edit] Tropical Storm Debby
| Tropical storm (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Duration | August 21 – August 26 | ||
| Intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min), 999 mbar (hPa) | ||
On August 20 a tropical wave emerged off the coast of Africa for the Atlantic Ocean. Immediately following, the wave developed convective banding and a broad circulation. At 1800 UTC on August 21, a tropical depression formed to the south-southeast of the Cape Verde Islands.[24] Despite an increase in inner-core convection, the depression was a large, well-organized system.[25] Tracking west-northwestward south of a subtropical ridge,[24] late on August 22, sufficient organization had developed for the National Hurricane Center to upgrade to storm to Tropical Storm Debby, despite convective cloud top warming.[26]
Later that day the storm reached its peak with winds of 50 mph (80 km/h), and persisted at that strength for about two days.[24] However, Debby subsequently entered a dry and stable air mass and deteriorated in organization, which supressed further intensification.[27] In association with an upper-level trough, southerly wind shear increased and displaced the convection to the north of the center. The cyclone began to weaken, and by 0600 UTC on August 26, it was downgraded to a depression.[24] The next day, the system dissipated, and the last advisory was issued on the storm.[28]
[edit] Hurricane Ernesto
| Category 1 hurricane (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Duration | August 24 – September 1 | ||
| Intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min), 985 mbar (hPa) | ||
At 1900 UTC on August 24, a reconnaissance flight determined that a tropical wave passing through the Windward Islands had developed a closed tropical circulation, and advisories were commenced on Tropical Depression Five. By 5 p.m. EDT (2100 UTC) on August 25, a second flight had found sustained tropical-storm force winds, and the system was named Ernesto. Ernesto became a hurricane on the morning of August 27 just south of Haiti, before it was downgraded back to a tropical storm in the afternoon. The storm caused five deaths in Haiti due to rainfall.[29]
Ernesto made landfall near Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, early in the morning on August 28. At one point the storm was predicted to become a major hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico and threaten parts of the Gulf Coast. However, Ernesto moved much farther east than anticipated, and made landfall as a tropical storm on the southern tip of Florida on August 29. Two people died in Florida in road traffic accidents attributed to the weather conditions, as the cyclone slowly moved northward across the southern half of the peninsula. Ernesto regained tropical storm strength as it crossed Florida and emerged from land near Cape Canaveral, and was just below hurricane strength when it made landfall again in North Carolina on August 31.[29]
Damage in Virginia totaled to $104 million (2006 USD),[30] and in total the storm caused about $500 million (2006 USD) in damage.[31] The storm, while extratropical, moved over Southern Ontario and dissipated over the St. Lawrence river area in Quebec.
[edit] Hurricane Florence
| Category 1 hurricane (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Duration | September 3 – September 12 | ||
| Intensity | 90 mph (150 km/h) (1-min), 974 mbar (hPa) | ||
Tropical Depression Six formed from an area of low pressure midway between Africa and the Lesser Antilles on September 3.[32] Initial strengthening of the depression was slow due to shearing wind conditions. Despite the moderate to high wind shear, it strengthened enough to become Tropical Storm Florence on the morning of September 5. After becoming a tropical storm, Florence's wind field began to expand greatly; at one point tropical storm-force winds extended outward up to 450 miles (720 km) from the center. With a disorganized structure and multiple circulation centers, Florence remained a weak tropical storm for several days, even after external conditions became favorable for strengthening. Around the evening of September 8 it resolved to a single center and steady strengthening resumed.[33] On the morning of September 10, Florence reached hurricane strength. Large swells, rip tide, and undertow were reported on Bermuda, the Leeward Islands, the Virgin Islands, and Hispaniola.[34] Florence soon reached its peak as a Category 1 hurricane very near Bermuda, and became extratropical on September 12, while still a hurricane.
[edit] Hurricane Gordon
| Category 3 hurricane (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
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| Duration | September 10 – September 20 | ||
| Intensity | 120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min), 955 mbar (hPa) | ||
On September 1, a low-pressure system gradually became organized northeast of the Lesser Antilles. On the evening of September 10, it developed a closed circulation and was declared Tropical Depression Seven. It continued to intensify, and strengthened into Tropical Storm Gordon on September 11 and Hurricane Gordon late on September 12. Gordon attained Category 2 status on the evening of September 13, and was further upgraded to Category 3 status that same night, making it the first major hurricane of the season.[35]
Around September 16 it was nearly stationary for some time in the mid-Atlantic about 1000 miles east of Bermuda, and weakened to be barely a hurricane.[36] However, as it subsequently accelerated eastwards, it restrengthened to Category 2. On September 19 hurricane warnings were issued for the Azores, as the predicted path passed through the center of that archipelago.[35] It became extratropical on September 20 after passing through Azorean waters, but the remnants side-swiped north-western Spain and then moved rapidly north towards Ireland and the west of Britain on September 21. By the morning of September 22, it had become absorbed into a large Atlantic low to the west of Ireland.[35]
Although there were no reports of fatalities from Gordon, when it sideswiped the Azores, it produced high winds and heavy rainfall causing minor damage limited to fallen trees and powerlines.[35] During the extratropical stages of the storm's exsistance, it brought high wind to Spain causing four injuries and leaving 100,000 people without electric power.[35] In Northern Ireland, 126,000 homes were left without power, and one injury occurred. In addition, the strong extratropical storm produced high winds and rain, which affected practice rounds at the Ryder Cup golf tournament in Ireland.[37]
[edit] Hurricane Helene
| Category 3 hurricane (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|||
| Duration | September 12 – September 24 | ||
| Intensity | 120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min), 955 mbar (hPa) | ||
On September 11, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa. It quickly organized, and on September 12 was declared Tropical Depression Eight. It developed broad low pressure system as it passed south of the Cape Verde Islandss. Easterly wind shear initially slowed intensification, although on September 13, convective banding increased over the northern semi-circle. Continuing to organize, it reached tropical storm strength on September 14, becoming a hurricane on September 16. Helene tracked northwestward and slowed down, due to a weakness in the ridge created by Hurricane Gordon. The storm attained major hurricane status on September 17. It moved generally west-northwestward before commencing a northeasterly turn. Large currents from Helene lashed Bermuda. It became fully extratropical on September 24. The extratropical storm dissipated over Ireland.[38]
[edit] Hurricane Isaac
| Category 1 hurricane (SSHS) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
|
|||
| Duration | September 27 – October 2 | ||
| Intensity | 85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min), 985 mbar (hPa) | ||
An area of low pressure in the mid-Atlantic generated active thunderstorms for several days and eventually organized into Tropical Depression Nine on September 27, and a tropical storm by September 28. By that time it was about 810 miles east-southeast of Bermuda. It became a hurricane on September 30, and passed about 280 miles (450 km) east of Bermuda before swinging northwards towards Newfoundland. As it was still a strong tropical storm near the Avalon Peninsula, tropical storm warnings were issued on October 2 due to the potential for high winds. Isaac passed 45 km (30 miles) to the southeast of Cape Race late that afternoon.[39] The Canadian Hurricane Centre reports that if Isaac had tracked just 50 to 100 km (30 to 60 miles) farther north than it did, the St. John's area would have experienced much higher winds than the peak gust of 54 km/h (34 mph) it received.[40]
At its closest approach to the Avalon Peninsula, Isaac was still tropical, and had maximum sustained winds of 50 knots (93 km/h; 58 mph) and a minimum central pressure of 993 mbar. Strongest winds on land in Newfoundland were reported at Cape Race, where a maximum gust to 96 km/h (60 mph) with a sustained wind of 74 km/h (46 mph) was recorded. At Cape Pine, a peak wind was reported at 76 km/h (47 mph). However, due to Isaac's small size and fast forward speed, winds were lighter over most of the Avalon Peninsula.[40] Rainfall from Isaac was not reported to be higher than 25 mm (0.98 inches) in most areas due to Isaac's speed and decreasing amount of moisture. The highest measured amount was 26 mm (1.02 inch) at Cape Race, while Cape Pine reported 19 mm (0.75 inches) and St. John's reported less than 10 mm (0.39 inches).[40]
[edit] References
- ^ Hurricane Resreach Division. "FAQ Subjest G3: When is hurricane season?". http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/G1.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-16.
- ^ National Hurricane Center (2009-05-21). "Atlantic hurricane best track ("HURDAT")". NOAA. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/tracks1851to2008_atl_reanal.txt. Retrieved on 2009-05-23.
- ^ National Hurricane Center (2006-11-01). "Monthly Tropical Weather Summary for October 2006". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2006/tws/MIATWSAT_oct.shtml?. Retrieved on 2006-11-01.
- ^ Philip J. Klotzbach and William M. Gray (2006-11-17). "Summary of 2006 Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Activity and Verification of Authors' Seasonal and Monthly Forecasts". Colorado State University. http://hurricane.atmos.colostate.edu/Forecasts/2006/nov2006/. Retrieved on 2006-11-17.
- ^ a b National Hurricane Center. "Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Zeta" (PDF). NOAA. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL312005_Zeta.pdf. Retrieved on May 1 2006.
- ^ Lixion Avila & Daniel Brown (2006). "Tropical Storm Alberto Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL012006_Alberto.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-05-10.
- ^ National Hurricane Center. "Tropical Storm Alberto Update, 12:45 p.m. EDT, June 13 2006". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCUAT1+shtml/. Retrieved on 2006-06-13.
- ^ National Hurricane Center. "Tropical Storm Alberto Final Public Advisory #18, 11 a.m. EDT, June 14 2006". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/text/refresh/MIATCPAT1+shtml/. Retrieved on 2006-06-14.
- ^ National Hurricane Center. "Tropical Storm Alberto Coastal Watches/Warnings and 5-Day Cone, 11 a.m. EDT, June 14 2006". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/refresh/graphics_at1+shtml/144546.shtml?5day. Retrieved on 2006-06-14.
- ^ National Climatic Data Center (2006). "Event Report for Florida". http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~607440. Retrieved on 2008-04-24.
- ^ National Climatic Data Center (2006). "Event Report for Florida (2)". http://www4.ncdc.noaa.gov/cgi-win/wwcgi.dll?wwevent~ShowEvent~607443. Retrieved on 2008-04-24.
- ^ a b National Hurricane Center (2006). "Unnamed Tropical Storm Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL502006_Unnamed.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-03-07.
- ^ Canadian Hurricane Centre (2007). "2006 Atlantic Hurricane Season Review". http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/storm06.html. Retrieved on 2008-04-24.
- ^ National Hurricane Center (July 18, 2006). "Tropical Storm Beryl Tropical Cyclone Update, 4:55 p.m. EDT, July 18, 2006". Florida State University Meteorology Department. ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/WTNT6/2006071820.WTNT62. Retrieved on 2006-07-18.
- ^ Local News Updates - Tropical Storm Beryl fizzles as it passes over Nantucket -The Boston Globe
- ^ NASA/GOES Project Office (2006). "Beryl's Effect on Nantucket Island, Mass". http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hurricanes/archives/2006/h2006_beryl.html. Retrieved on 2007-05-22.
- ^ Carolyn Johnson and Yuxing Zheng (2006). "Tropical Storm Beryl sweeps into region". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2006/07/21/tropical_storm_beryl_sweeps_into_region/. Retrieved on 2007-05-22.
- ^ National Hurricane Center. "Discussion for Tropical Depression Three, 11:00 p.m. EDT, July 31 2006". NOAA. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2006/al03/al032006.discus.001.shtml?. Retrieved on 1 August 2006.
- ^ National Hurricane Center. "Discussion for Tropical Depression Three, 5:00 a.m. EDT, August 1 2006". NOAA. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2006/al03/al032006.discus.002.shtml?. Retrieved on 1 August 2006.
- ^ National Hurricane Center. "Discussion for Tropical Depression Three, 11:00 a.m. EDT, August 1 2006". NOAA. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2006/al03/al032006.discus.003.shtml?. Retrieved on 1 August 2006.
- ^ National Hurricane Center. "Discussion for Tropical Storm Chris, 11:00 a.m. EDT, August 2 2005". NOAA. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2006/al03/al032006.discus.008.shtml?. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
- ^ a b Stacy R. Stewart. "Tropical Storm Chris Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL032006_Chris.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-04-23.
- ^ Royal Caribbean. "Tropical Weather Update for August 2 2006". http://www.royalcaribbean.com/contentPage.do;jsessionid=0000ZpYZCuMqnhT6dS0NHdrM_pt:10ktdmlju?pagename=important_updates. Retrieved on 2 August.
- ^ a b c d James Franklin (2006). "Tropical Cyclone Report: Tropical Storm Debby" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL042006_Debby.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-06-06.
- ^ Stewart (2006). "Tropical Depression Four Discussion Number 2". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2006/al04/al042006.discus.002.shtml?. Retrieved on 2008-06-06.
- ^ Stewart (2006). "Tropical Storm Debby Discussion Number 6". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2006/al04/al042006.discus.006.shtml?. Retrieved on 2008-06-06.
- ^ Franklin (2006). "Tropical Storm Debby Dsicussion Number 9". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2006/al04/al042006.discus.009.shtml?. Retrieved on 2008-06-06.
- ^ Roberts & Pasch (2006). "Tropical Depression Debby Discussion Number 25". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2006/al04/al042006.discus.025.shtml?. Retrieved on 2008-06-06.
- ^ a b Richard D. Knabb and Michelle Mainelli (2006). "Hurricane Ernesto Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL052006_Ernesto.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-04-23.
- ^ WAVY Kaine seeks disaster declaration for 25 localities URL Accessed: September 11, 2006
- ^ AVILA/BEVEN/FRANKLIN/KNABB/PASCH/STEWART/BLAKE/BROWN/MAINELLI/RHOME (2006). "Monthly Tropical Weather Summary". National Hurricane Center. ftp://ftp.met.fsu.edu/pub/weather/tropical/Monthly/2006120114.ABNT30. Retrieved on 2008-04-17.
- ^ Jack Beven (2006). "Hurricane Florence Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL062006_Florence.pdf. Retrieved on 2007-06-06.
- ^ National Hurricane Center. "Discussion for Tropical Storm Florence, 11:00 a.m. EDT, Sept. 8, 2006". NOAA. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2006/al06/al062006.discus.020.shtml. Retrieved on 2006-09-09.
- ^ Associated Press. "Bermuda braces as Florence becomes hurricane". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2006/WEATHER/09/10/tropical.weather/.
- ^ a b c d e Eric Blake (2006). "Hurricane Gordon Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL072006_Gordon.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-03-07.
- ^ Brennan/Knabb (2006). "Hurricane Gordon Discussion Number 22". National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2006/al07/al072006.discus.022.shtml?. Retrieved on 2008-03-07.
- ^ BBC news (2006). "Thousands still without power". http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/5371984.stm. Retrieved on 2008-01-26.
- ^ Brown, Daniel P. (November 15, 2006). "Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Helene" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL082006_Helene.pdf. Retrieved on 2006-11-15.
- ^ Michelle Mainelli (2006). "Hurricane Isaac Tropical Cyclone Report" (PDF). National Hurricane Center. http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pdf/TCR-AL092006_Isaac.pdf. Retrieved on 2008-04-26.
- ^ a b c Canadian Hurricane Center (2006). "Hurricane Isaac Post-Tropical Storm Information Statement". http://www.atl.ec.gc.ca/weather/hurricane/bulletins/20061003022851.Isaac.txt.en. Retrieved on 2008-04-16.
