Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême

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Louis XIX
King of France and Navarre (disputed)
King of France and Navarre
Reign	2 August 1830 (Twenty minutes)
Predecessor	Charles X
Successor	Henry V (not proclaimed)
King of France and Navarre
Pretendence	6 November 1836 – 3 June 1844 (&0000000000000007.0000007 years, &0000000000000210.000000210 days)
Predecessor	Charles X
Successor	Henry V (not proclaimed)
Spouse	Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte of France
Full name
Louis-Antoine de Artois
Father	Charles X
Mother	Princess Marie Thérèse of Savoy
Born	6 August 1775(1775-08-06) Palace of Versailles, France
Died	3 June 1844 (aged 68) Gorizia, then Austrian Empire (now in Italy)
Burial	Kostanjevica Monastery, now in Nova Gorica, Slovenia

Louis-Antoine of France, Dauphin of France and Duke of Angoulême (born Louis-Antoine of Artois^[1]; 6 August 1775 – 3 June 1844) was the eldest son of King Charles X of France. When his father became the king in 1824, he became the last Dauphin of France. He was King Louis XIX of France and Navarre for a disputed reign of twenty minutes in 1830 and Legitimist pretender to the throne from 1836 to 1844.

[edit] Early life

Louis and his younger brother Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, were educated in a chateau a few miles from Versailles. On the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 the two young princes followed their father into exile in Turin, Italy, then to Germany and finally England. In 1792, d'Angoulême joined the émigré army of his cousin, the Prince of Condé.

In June 1795 his uncle was proclaimed King Louis XVIII, and later that year the 20-year old Angoulême led an attempted Royalist uprising in the Vendée, which ended in failure. In early 1797 he joined his brother and uncle in the German Duchy of Brunswick hoping to join the Austrian Army. The defeat of Austria by France obliged them to flee, and they took refuge in Mittau, Courland, under the protection of Tsar Paul I of Russia. There on 10 June 1799, he married his cousin, Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte, the eldest child of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, and the only member of the immediate Royal Family to survive the French Revolution. Since her release from the Temple Prison in 1795, she had been living at the Austrian court. They had no children.

[edit] Military service

In April 1800, Angoulême took command of a regiment of cavalry in the Bavarian army and took part in the battle of Hohenlinden against the French, showing some ability.

In early 1801 Tsar Paul made peace with Bonaparte, and the French court in exile fled to Warsaw, then controlled by Prussia. For the next ten years, Angoulême accompanied and advised his uncle the King. They returned to Russia when Alexander became Tsar, but in mid-1807 the treaty between Bonaparte and Alexander forced them to take refuge in England. There, at Hartwell House, King Louis reconstituted his court, and d'Angoulême was granted an allowance of £300 a month. Twice (in 1807 and 1813) he attempted to return to Russia to join the fight against Bonaparte, but was refused permission by the Tsar. He remained in England until 1814 when he sailed to Bordeaux, which had declared for the King. His entry into the city on 12 March 1814 was regarded as the beginning of the Bourbon restoration. From there Angoulême fought alongside Wellington to restore his cousin Ferdinand VII to the throne of Spain.

[edit] Flight to England and return

During the "Hundred Days", as chief of the royalist army in the southern Rhône River valley, Angoulême was unable to prevent Napoleon's return to Paris. He was again forced to flee to England, until the final defeat of Bonaparte at Waterloo. After the second restoration of Louis XVIII, he served Louis loyally until the King's death in 1824, when Angoulême became Dauphin — the heir-apparent to the throne, under his father, now King Charles X.

v • d • e House of Bourbon   Henry IV of France Spouse(s) HH Marguerite de Valois  · Lady Marie de' Medici Children Louis XIII  · Elisabeth, Queen of Spain  · Christine Marie, Duchess of Savoy  · Nicholas Henri, Duke of Orléans  · Gaston, Duke of Orléans  · Henriette Marie, Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland Siblings Henri, Duke of Beaumont (1551–1553)  · Louis, Count of Marle (1555–1557)  · Madeleine (1556)  · Catherine, Duchess of Lorraine Illegitimate Children César, Duke of Vendôme  · Catherine Henriette, Duchess of Elbeuf  · Alexandre, Chevalier de Vendôme  · Henri, Duke of Verneuil  · Gabrielle Angelique, Duchess of La Valette and Epernon  · Antoine, Count of Moret · Jeanne Baptiste, Abess of Fontevraud  · Marie Henriette, Abess of Chelles Grandchildren Anne Marie Louise, Duchess of Montpensier  · Marguerite Louise, Grand Duchess of Tuscany  · Élisabeth Marguerite, Duchess of Alençon and Angoulême  · Françoise Madeleine, Duchess of Savoy  · Princess Marie Anne  · Gaston, Duke of Valois  · Louis XIV of France  · Philippe, Duke of Orléans   Louis XIII of France Spouse(s) HRH Infanta Ana Maria Mauricia of Spain*** Children Louis XIV of France  · Philippe I, Duke of Orléans Grandchildren Louis, Dauphin of France  · Princess Anne Élisabeth  · Princess Marie Anne  · Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale  · Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou · Louis François, Duke of Anjou  · Marie Louise, Queen of Spain  · Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois  · Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia  · Alexandre Louise, Duke of Valois  · Philippe Charles, Duke of Orléans  · Élisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Lorraine Great grandchildren Louis, Duke of Burgundy  · King Felipe of Spain  · Charles, Duke of Berry  · Louis, Duke of Orléans   Louis XIV of France Spouse(s) HRH Infanta María Teresa of Spain***  · Françoise d'Aubigné, Madame de Maintenon Children Louis, Dauphin of France  · Princess Anne Élisabeth  · Princess Marie Anne  · Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale  · Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou · Louis François, Duke of Anjou Illegitimate Children Charles de Bourbon  · Philippe de Bourbon  · Marie Anne, Princess of Conti  · Louis, Count of Vermandois  · Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine  · Louis César, Count of Vexin  · Louise Françoise, Princess of Condé  · Louise Marie Anne, Mademoiselle de Tours  · Françoise Marie, Duchess of Orléans  · Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse  · Louise, Baroness of La Queue Grandchildren Louis, Duke of Burgundy  · King Felipe of Spain  · Charles, Duke of Berry Great grandchildren Louis, Duke of Brittany  · Louis, Duke of Brittany  · Louis XV of France  · Louis I of Spain*  · Felipe of Spain*  · Felipe of Spain*  · Ferdinand VI of Spain*  · Charles III of Spain*  · Francisco of Spain*  · Mariana Víctoria, Queen of Portugal*  · Philip, Duke of Parma*  · Maria Teresa Rafaela, Dauphine of France*  · Luis, Count of Chinchón*  · Maria Antonietta, Queen of Sardinia*  · Louise de Berry  · Charles, Duke of Alençon  · Marie Louise Élisabeth de Berry   Louis XV of France Spouse(s) Maria Carolina Sophia Felicity Leszczyńska Children Marie Louise Élisabeth, Duchess of Parma  · Princess Henriette Anne  · Princess Marie Louise  · Louis, Dauphin of France  · Philippe, Duke of Anjou  · Marie Adélaïde, Duchess of Louvois  · Princess Victoire  · Sophie Philippine, Duchess of Louvois  · Princess Thérèse Félicité  · Princess Louise Marie Grandchildren Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale  · Princess Marie Zéphyrine  · Louis, Duke of Burgundy  · Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine  · Louis XVI of France  · Louis XVIII of France  · Charles X of France  · Clothilde, Queen of Sardinia  · Princess Élisabeth Illegitimate children included Charles de Vintimille  · Agathe Louise de Saint-Antoine  · Philippe, Duke of Narbonne-Lara  · Louis, Count of Narbonne-Lara   Louis XVI of France Spouse(s) HI&RH Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria** Children Marie Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême  · Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France  · Louis XVII of France  · Princess Sophie Hélène   Louis XVII of France Note Louis had no children; he died aged 10 in 1795. His uncle, future Louis XVIII of France proclaimed himself regent but both titles were disputed. See Bourbon Restoration.   Louis XVIII of France Spouse(s) HRH Princess Marie Josephine Louise of Savoy   Charles X of France Spouse(s) HRH Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy Children Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême  · Sophie, Mademoiselle  · Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry Grandchildren Princess Louise Élisabeth  · Prince Louis  · Louise Marie Thérèse, Duchess of Parma  · Henri, Count of Chambord *also an Infante or Infanta of Spain **also an Archduchess of Austria ***both

As Dauphin he supported his father's policy of ridding France of her recent revolutionary and imperial past, expelling former imperial officers from the Army, and commanding a French military expedition — the "Hundred Thousand Sons of St. Louis" — that helped quell an anti-Bourbon revolt in Spain (1823).

[edit] Abdication of father and son

In July 1830, in what became known as the July Revolution, masses of angry demonstrators demanded the abdication of Charles and of his descendants, in favour of his cousin Louis-Philippe, and sent a delegation to the Tuileries Palace to force his compliance.

When Charles reluctantly signed the document of abdication on 2 August 1830, Louis-Antoine and his wife became the king and queen of France, though the brevity of his effective reign makes it often unaccounted for by historians. It is said that the now-King Louis XIX spent the next twenty minutes listening to the entreaties of his wife not to sign, while the former Charles X sat weeping. After that he also abdicated (in favour of his nephew, the Duke de Bordeaux), making history as the shortest-ever reigning king. For the final time he left for exile, where he was known as the "Count of Marnes". He never returned to France.

Some legitimists did not recognize the abdications as valid, and recognized Charles X as king until his death in 1836, with Louis XIX succeeding him thereafter. Louis-Antoine died in Görz, Austria, in 1844, aged 69. He was buried in his father Charles X's crypt in the church of Franciscan Monastery of Kostanjevica near Görz, now in Slovenian city of Nova Gorica. Upon his death his nephew the Count of Chambord, also known as the Duke of Bordeaux, became head of the royal family of France in exile.

[edit] See also

• List of shortest reigning monarchs of all time

[edit] Ancestors

[edit] Footnotes

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v • d • e Pretenders to the French Throne since 1792 Monarchy in Exile (1792–1815) 1792 Louis XVI 1793 Louis XVII 1795 Louis XVIII 1814 1815 Legitimist Pretenders (1830–present) 1830 Charles X 1836 Louis XIX 1844 Henri V 1883 Jean III 1887 Charles XI 1909 Jacques I 1931 Alphonse I 1936 Alphonse II 1941 Jacques II 1975 Alphonse III 1989 Louis XX present Orléanist Pretenders (1848–present) 1848 Louis-Philippe I 1850 Philippe VII (or Louis-Philippe II) 1894 Philippe VIII 1926 Jean III 1940 Henri VI 1999 Henri VII present Bonapartist Prince Imperial (1814–present) 1814 1815 Napoléon I 1821 Napoléon II 1832 Joseph 1844 Louis 1846 Napoléon III (Emperor 1852–1870) 1873 Napoléon IV Eugene 1879 Napoléon V Victor 1926 Napoléon VI Louis 1997 Napoléon VII Charles/Napoléon VIII Jean-Christophe present (disputed) Bonapartist Prince Canino (1832–1924) 1832 Lucien I 1840 Charles 1857 Joseph 1865 Lucien II 1895 Napoléon III Charles 1899 Roland 1924