Multiethnic society
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Multiethnic societies, in contrast to ethnically homogenous societies, integrate different ethnic groups irrespective of differences in culture, race, and history under a common social identity larger than one "nation" in the conventional sense. All cities and most towns can be regarded as multiethnic societies, even ones where race hatred and ethnic intolerance is common.
The few nations that today are considered ethnically homogeneous (eg Japan, North Korea, South Korea, and Poland) blend the meaning of a society, a nation, a people, and a state.[citation needed] See multinational state for the specific political and military issues arising from such a state. There is much overlap however between the concerns of running a state, and finding a common identity as a nation. Every country even the homogenous ones are home to people from other countries.
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[edit] History
Multiethnic societies have existed in various historical contexts such as ancient China, ancient India, Majapahit, the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire, or the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In recent times, the United States of America has been a more or less successful multiethnic society; despite past and current racial and ethnic tensions, the various ethnic groups that make up the United States still manage to live and work together mostly peacefully. Multiculturalism in the United States is more respected than before, and racial and ethnic problems are being settled today.
The ultimate step in multiethnic integration is the U.N., whose goal is to ensure the peaceful coexistence of as many different countries or ethnic groups as possible.[neutrality disputed]
Multiethnic societies do occasionally fail, however, as in the recent example of Czechoslovakia, which has broken up into two smaller nations divided along ethnic lines. In some cases, this disintegration is much more violent, as in Yugoslavia. Others fall into violent and long drawn-out civil war, like Rwanda.
[edit] Historic multiethnic societies
- Austria-Hungary
- Bactria
- Croatia
- Czechoslovakia
- Ancient Egypt
- Ancient India
- Poland
- Serbia and Montenegro
- Mongol Empire
- Mughal Empire
- Majapahit
- Ottoman Empire
- Persian Empire
- Portuguese Empire
- Roman Empire
- Soviet Union
- Srivijaya
- Spanish Empire
- Yugoslavia
- Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
- State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
[edit] Current multiethnic societies
- Abkhazia
- Turkey
- Afganistan
- Argentina
- Australia
- Belgium
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Brazil
- Canada
- China
- Germany
- India
- Iran
- Iraq
- Israel
- Mexico
- Monaco
- Malaysia
- Nepal
- Indonesia
- Macedonia
- France
- The Netherlands
- Pakistan
- Papua New Guinea
- Peru
- Philippines
- Portugal
- Russian Federation
- Slovakia
- Spain
- Sri Lanka
- Switzerland
- South Africa
- Trinidad & Tobago
- Transylvania
- Vojvodina
- Almost all countries in Subsaharan Africa
- Singapore
- United Kingdom
- United States
- New Zealand
- Kuwait
- Kazakhstan
- Kosovo
- Ukraine
- Hong Kong
- All Former Soviet Union Countries
- Countries which are not multiethnic societies do have some foreigners and people with foreign ancestry but they make up a small percent of the countries population.
[edit] Preconditions for success
An apparent precondition for the success of a multiethnic society is the availability of a common language, as was the case in the Roman Empire, and still is the case in the U.S. Alternatively, several "overlapping" languages, as found in India, the European Union or Canada, can serve the same function. However, even in the European Union, English is the lingua franca for business and scientific exchange.
[edit] Possible causes of breakdowns
Due to their ethnic or cultural heterogeneity, multiethnic societies in general are more fragile and have a higher risk of conflicts. In the worst case such conflicts can cause the breakdown of these societies. Recent examples of this were the violent breakdown of Yugoslavia and the peaceful separation of Czechoslovakia. Forced mixture or coexistence of ethnically different populations might be the reason for the outbreak of nationalistic and racistic tendencies which over the years can become so strong that they are able to destruct a multiethnic society. A notable exception to this is Somalia, even being one of the most ethnically homogeneous countries in Africa (perhaps the most) it has fallen in civil war due to a tribal like society ruled by several different clans.
