Relief

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Persian low relief from Qajar era in the style of Persepolis, located at Tangeh Savashi in Iran.

For other uses, see Relief (disambiguation).

A relief is a sculptured artwork where a modelled form is raised, or in sunken-relief lowered, from a plane from which the main elements of the composition project (or sink). Reliefs are common throughout the world, for example on the walls of monumental buildings. The frieze in the classical Corinthian order is often enriched with bas-relief (low relief). Alto-relievo (high-relief) may be seen in the pediments of classical temples, e.g., the Parthenon. Several panels or sections of relief together may represent a sequence of scenes.

[edit] Types

Detail in high relief from the Ancient Greek Elgin Marbles. Some front limbs are detached from the background completely, while the centaur's left rear leg is in low relief.

There are three main types of relief. The drawing of the distinction between high and low is often drawn differently, and in fact the two are very often combined in a single work - in particular most "high-reliefs" contain sections in "low-relief". Dashes may or may not be used in all these terms.

[edit] Bas-relief or low relief

Rock-face relief at Naqsh-e Rustam of Iranian emperor Shapur I (on horseback) capturing Roman emperor Valerian (kneeing) and Philip the Arab (standing)

A bas-relief ("low relief", French pronunciation: [baʁəljɛf], from the Italian basso rilievo) or low relief is the quality of an projecting image where the overall depth is shallow. The background is very compressed or completely flat, as on most coins, on which all images are in low-relief.

Bas-relief in Persepolis - a symbol of Zoroastrian Nowruz - in day of a spring equinox power of eternally fighting bull (personifying the Earth), and a lion (personifying the Sun), are equal

Bas-relief is very suitable for scenes with many figures and other elements such as a landscape or architectural background. A bas-relief may use any medium or technique of sculpture, but stone carving and metal casting are the traditional ones. If more than 50% of most rounded or cylindrical elements such as heads and legs project from the background, a sculpture is usually considered to be "alto rilievo" or "high relief", although the degree of relief within both types may vary across a composition, with prominent features such as faces in higher relief.

[edit] High relief

High relief (or alto relievo, from Italian) is where the most prominent elements of the composition are undercut and rendered at more than 50% in the round against the background.

All cultures and periods where large sculptures were created used this technique as one of their sculptural options. Seen in "monumental sculpture" and architecture from ancient times to present.

[edit] Sunken relief

Sunken-relief depiction of Pharaoh Ankhenaten with his wife Nefertiti and daughters. Note how strong shadows are needed to define the image.

Sunken-relief, also known as intaglio or hollow-relief, is where the image is made by carving into a flat surface - usually the images are mostly linear in nature. It is most notably associated with the Art of Ancient Egypt, where the strong sunlight usually needed to make the technique successful for images is present most of the time. In the sculpture of many cultures, including Europe, it is mostly used for inscriptions.

[edit] Notable reliefs

Notable examples of reliefs include:

Persepolis, 70 km northeast of the modern city of Shiraz in the Fars Province, Iran, treasury relief
Naqsh-e Rustam, 12 km northwest of Persepolis in Fars province, Iran, rock-face relief
Naqsh-e Rajab,12 km north of Persepolis in Fars province, Iran, rock-face relief
Mount Rushmore National Memorial, Keystone, South Dakota, high relief
Great Altar of Pergamon, now at the Pergamon Museum, Berlin, mostly high relief
Lions and dragons from the Ishtar Gate, Babylon, low relief
Temple of Karnak in Egypt, sunken relief
Angkor Wat in Cambodia, mostly low relief
The images of the elephant, horse, bull and lion at the bottom of the Lion Capital of Asoka, the national symbol of India (the capital itself is a full sculpture)
Glyphs and artwork of the Maya civilization, low relief
The monument to the Confederacy at Stone Mountain, Georgia
Borobudur temple, Java Island Java, Indonesia
The Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon, now housed at the British Museum, high and low relief.
Frieze of Parnassus, high relief
Robert Gould Shaw Memorial, Boston, mostly high relief.

[edit] Gallery

Relief of Xerxes I the Great at Perspolis in Iran.	Two Persian Soldiers in Persepolis	Apadana Hall, Persian and Median soldiers at Perspolis	Bas relief of nagsh-e-rostam. The investiture of Ardashir I
"Shapur's Parade" at Naqsh-e Rajab	Angels from Clonfert Cathedral, Co Galway, Ireland (adjusted to highlight relief)	Yaxchilan Lintel 24, a Mayan carving depicting a blood sacrifice	Egyptian figures in "alto relievo"
A bas-relief at Banteay Srei in Cambodia depicts Ravana shaking Mount Kailasa, the residence of Siva.	Robert Gould Shaw Memorial, 1897, Boston, combining free-standing elements with high and low relief.	Atropos cutting the thread of life	Side view of high relief: Madonna and Child, marble of c. 1500/1510 by an unknown north Italian sculptor