Voiced retroflex plosive
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| IPA – number | 106 |
| IPA – text | ɖ |
| Entity | ɖ |
| X-SAMPA | d` |
| Kirshenbaum | d. |
 Sound sample (help·info) |
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The voiced retroflex plosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ɖ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d`. The IPA symbol is a lowercase letter d with a rightward-pointing tail protruding from the lower right of the letter. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward pointing hook extending from the bottom of the symbol used for the equivalent alveolar consonant, in this case the voiced alveolar plosive which has the symbol d. Compare d and ɖ. Many Indian languages, such as Hindi, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [ɖ].
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[edit] Features
Features of the voiced retroflex plosive:
- Its manner of articulation is plosive or stop, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue curled up, but more generally means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized.
- Its phonation type is voiced, which means the vocal cords are vibrating during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by allowing the airstream to flow over the middle of the tongue, rather than the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
[edit] Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Badaga | example needed | -- | -- | ||
| Bengali | ডিম | [ɖim] | 'egg' | ||
| English | Indian dialects | dine | [ɖaɪn] | 'dine' | Corresponds to /d/ in other dialects. See English phonology |
| Gujarati | example needed | -- | -- | ||
| Hindi | डेढ़ | [ɖeɽʰ] | 'one and a half' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Hungarian[citation needed] | ad | [ɑɖ] | 'he/she gives' | Some dialects. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Javanese | example needed/. | -- | -- | ||
| Kannada | ಅಧಸು | [ʌɖʌsu] | 'to join' | ||
| Malayalam | പാണ്ഡവര് | [ˈpäːɳˌɖäʋər] | 'Pandavas' | ||
| Marathi | example needed | -- | -- | ||
| Nepali | example needed | -- | -- | ||
| Nihali | [biɖum] | 'one' | |||
| Norwegian | varde | [vɑɖːɛ] | 'beacon' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Pashto | ډﻙ | [ɖak] | 'full' | ||
| Punjabi | ਮੁੰਡਾ | [mʊɳɖa] | 'boy' | ||
| Sardinian | cherveddu | [kerˈvɛɖːu] | 'brain' | ||
| Sicilian | beddu | [ˈbɛɖːu] | 'handsome' | ||
| Sindhi | example needed | -- | -- | ||
| Swedish | nord | [nuːɖ] | 'north' | See Swedish phonology | |
| Tamil[1] | வண்டி | [ʋəɳɖi] | 'cart' | Allophone of /ʈ/. See Tamil phonology | |
| Telugu | అఢరు | [ʌɖʌru] | 'to arise' | ||
| Toda | example needed | -- | |||
| Urdu | ڈالنا | [ɖälnä] | 'to put' | See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Yanyuwa | example needed | -- | |||
[edit] References
- ^ Keane (2004:111)
[edit] Bibliography
- Keane, Elinor (2004), "Tamil", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 111-116
- Peter Ladefoged and Ian Maddieson, The Sounds of the World's Languages. Blackwell Publishers, 1996. ISBN 0-631-19815-6
- Colin P. Masica, The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press, 1991. ISBN 0-521-29944-6
[edit] See also
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